The ratchet effect is the rectified motion of atoms using an unbiased driving force. By ‘’unbiased’’ we mean to say that the time-average is equal to zero. This can be accomplished experimentally using cold atoms in a ...

Fermionic matter is ubiquitous in nature, from the electrons in metals and semiconductors or the neutrons in the inner crust of neutron stars, to gases of fermionic atoms, like 40K or 6Li that can be created and studied ...